PAS - SIGNORE SCHIATTOSE ALL'ASSALTO DI UNA PROPOSTA (VOLUTAMENTE?) FRAINTESA

-Dr. Gaetano GIORDANO

Direttore del Centro Studi Separazioni e Affido Minori

C'è una gran canizza, da parte di molte signore -signore per così dire schiattose, a giudicare dalle reazioni- sul fatto che due star della tutela delle donne, vale a dire l'avvocato Giulia Bongiorno e la star televisiva Michelle Hunziker, si sarebbero schierate a difesa dei bambini vittime della PAS, proponendo il carcere per chi inculca nel minore odio o disprezzo per l'altro genitore.

Fanno un gran casino, le signore schiattose, e giungono a dire cose per le quali, a quanto abbiamo capito, sarebbero state querelate dall'avvocato Bongiorno e da Michelle Hunziker.

Anche perché, molto probabilmente, le schiattose di cui sopra -cui si sono uniti avvocati presentati come giornalisti, e tutto un corteo di opinionisti che con la scienza nulla hanno a che fare- molto probabilmente non sopportano assolutamente che due campionesse della difesa dalla violenza contro le donne assumano una posizione che, chissà perché (e qui si legge già una traccia della scorrettezza etica di questi ragionamenti), viene ritenuta lesiva degli interessi delle donne.

Cosa ci azzecca, ad esempio, affermare che legittimare la diagnosi di Pas equivale a danneggiare le donne separate?

Forse che i padri non possono essere colpevoli di indurre nei figli la sindrome?

Forse perché le mamme -sempre buone, sempre oneste, come l'iconografia cattolica ci impone- non accusano mai di PAS gli ex?

E perché allora il prevedere il carcere per chi indurrebbe la cosiddetta PAS danneggerebbe le sole donne?

A pensar male, viene da credere che le schiattose che difendono le mamme temono che, se passa la legge che condanna chi avrebbe indotto la PAS, molte delle loro amiche e/o assistite sarebbero subito perseguibili.

Una difesa di lobby, dunque? O meglio: una difesa sessista? Vista da questo punto di vista sembrerebbe proprio di si: la battaglia contro la PAS sembra una battaglia per permettere alle mamme di plagiare i propri figli. Altrimenti perché ritenere l'uso di questo concetto lesivo delle sole mamme?

Perché lo usano solo i padri violenti?

Falso, falsissimo. Anche le mamme accusano di Pas i padri, in un mucchio di procedimenti.

E chi ritiene che la cosiddetta PAS non esista, o -meglio ancora- che non esistano contesti in cui si determinino comportamenti descritti come PAS, fa un pessimo servizio anche a un mucchio di mamme.

Così come bisogna andare a fondo di un altro punto del contendere: le signore che vanno all'assalto della Bongiorno e della Hunziker assumono che chi vuole usare il concetto di PAS voglia criminalizzare le donne.

Asserzione che implica un concetto assurdo: che le mamme separate siano sempre innocenti.

Introdurre la pena per chi indurrebbe la cosiddetta PAS non significa mica accusare tutte le donne di plagiare i propri figli: significa dotare il giudice di uno strumento concettuale con cui capire cosa accade in un contesto separativo conflittivo.

E ancora, la rabbia delle signore sembra attribuire alla Bongiorno e alla Hunziker l'idea che la PAS possa essere opera delle sole mamme. Falso.

Falso, falsissimo, e fuorviante come l'altro aspetto del contendere: si vuol far credere che la PAS possa essere utilizzata per difendersi dalle accuse di violenza, pedofilia, e roba varia, e che per questo non vada utilizzata come diagnosi.

E che ci azzecca?

Anche la schizofrenia viene utilizzata per non essere condannati, allorché il presunto colpevole si dichiara incapace di intendere e volere perché -appunto- schizofrenico.

Ma nessuno si azzarda a sostenere che, per questo motivo, la schizofrenia debba essere abolita!

Allo stesso modo, dunque, potremmo incontrare un bel po' di casi in cui la mamma o il papà (o entrambi!) si producono in comportamenti alienanti, e un mucchio di casi nei quali la sindrome viene utilizzata per tentare di occultare reati ben turpi.

Questi, fino ad ora, alcuni dei punti invocati dalle signore per demonizzare la scelta delle donne di “DOPPIA DIFESA”, che sembrano essere trattate più da traditrici di un obbligo a pensare che non come professioniste che avevano tutto il diritto di esprimere un'idea.

Ci si chiede, cioè: perché introdurre un concetto come la PAS, e la punibilità di chi la provoca, equivale a impedire la difesa delle donne, come sembra affermare la collega dr.ssa Pignotti?

Che ci azzecca, anche questo?

D'altra parte, esiste una sentenza di Cassazione che -ahimè ahimè!- invoca proprio la PAS e revoca l'affido ad un padre perché ha indotto, appunto, la PAS nella figlia. 

Studiatevela bene: è la N. 5847 dell'8 marzo 2013

Per caso, si vuole far passare l'obbligo di considerare le mamme separate sempre incapaci di indurre nei figli comportamenti come quelli che vanno sotto il nome di PAS? Vale a dire sempre incapaci di “ingenerare nel minore sentimenti di astio, disprezzo o rifiuto verso il genitore alienato”?

Per logica, ci saranno mamme che lo fanno e mamme che non lo fanno: la legge proposta dalla Bongiorno e dalla Hunziker vuole solo punire le prime. Insieme ai padri, ovvio.
O siamo in una repubblica in cui l'innocenza di un sesso è ormai dimostrata per principio?

Ce ne sono altri, poi, di terribili assunti sulla pericolosità implicita nel riconoscere l'esistenza della PAS.

Ad esempio, quello che vuole il povero bambino Federico Barakat vittima della PAS.

Ci risparmiamo i commenti di un simile tirare in ballo una vittima innocente di un gesto folle, e chiediamo: qual è il nesso di causa univoco ed esclusivo che legherebbe la PAS a questa terribile morte?

Prospettare che il povero Federico sia morto perché sua madre è stata sospettata di aver indotto nel piccolo uno stato di PAS, e questo abbia permesso al padre di ammazzarlo, non ha senso.

In realtà, il povero Federico è morto perché chi doveva gestire i suoi rapporti col padre non ha individuato come questi potesse essere pericoloso nei confronti del figlio: ma l'utilizzo o meno di questa o quella etichetta concettuale, o di questa o quella diagnosi, non avrebbe cambiato nulla di quella terribile vicenda.

Vale a dire: anche se chi doveva controllare gli incontri non credeva nella PAS, il problema di fondo restava accorgersi della pericolosità del padre.

Dire allora che il povero Federico sia morto per colpa della PAS equivale ad allontanare terribilmente il vero discorso che un caso del genere doveva avviare: una ridefinizione dei ruoli e delle responsabilità (anche penali e civili) dei Servizi Sociali.

Il resto è polemica, e qui taccio perché chiamare in causa un bambino morto ha per me connotazioni ben precise.

Torniamo alla discussione sulla PAS.

La sindrome dell'AntiPas, che coglie da qualche anno un mucchio di persone e che si manifesta e nutre di livori e terribili imprecisioni, verte soprattutto su un dato.

Quello secondo il quale la PAS non esisterebbe perché sarebbe stata rifiutata dalla comunità scientifica internazionale.

Assunto del tutto falso.

Esistono poi -ci dispiace per chi dice che la letteratura scientifica rifiuta il concetto di PAS- oltre cinquecento studi internazionali di grandi centri accademici, riviste di indiscussa autorità scientifica e culturale, che legittimano il concetto di PAS, a volte individuando il problema come “ALIENAZIONE PARENTALE”. Che lo usano e lo studiano dando per ovvio che la PAS, o l'Alienazione Parentale, esistano.

Li riportiamo in calce a questo articolo: prendetene i titoli, cercateli, e smettetela di portare argomenti del genere, totalmente inventati.

Così come non è possibile affermare che la Cassazione ha rifiutato il concetto di PAS: ci sono sentenze della Suprema Corte che ribadiscono proprio questo concetto e l'utilizzo della PAS in Tribunale...

Orrore?

Ignoranza -o malafede- di chi dice il contrario.

Vi sono almeno due sentenze che convalidano l'utilizzo della PAS in procedimenti giudiziari.Una, addirittura, revoca l'affido di una figlia ad un padre in quanto la ragazza è stata riconosciuta affetta da PAS per sua colpa (5847 dell'8 marzo 2013)!!!La sentenza smentisce ipso facto chiunque sostenza che la PAS è una "invenzione contro le donne e le madri".L'altra sentenza conferma la necessità di un risarcimento del danno provocato da PAS: - Sez. I Civile, sentenza 12 aprile – 14 maggio 2012, n. 7452 (Pres Luccioli – Relatore De Chiara).

A tutto ciò, va aggiunto l'articolo “La sindrome di alienazione genitoriale nelle consulenza tecniche d’ufficio: uno studio pilota”, in “Maltrattamento e abuso sull'infanzia”, vol. 7, num. 3, 12/2005, Lavadera A.L., Morasco M..

L'articolo si basa sullo studio di 24 relazioni di consulenza tecnica d’ufficio, stilate da consulenti del Tribunale Civile di Roma dal 2000 al 2004, nelle quali i C.T.U. avevano diagnosticato una PAS secondo i criteri descritti da Gardner (1992).

Non risulta che all'utilizzo di queste diagnosi sia mai stato eccepito alcunché in Cassazione: i Tribunali l'hanno utilizzata e la Cassazione non ha mai smentito.

Si sostiene poi che l'Istituto di Ricerca dei procuratori americani abbia bollato la PAS come pericolosa per i bambini: nel 2003, due procuratrici americane, avrebbero detto che la PAS è «non dimostrata e in grado di minacciare l’integrità del sistema di giustizia penale e la sicurezza dei bambini vittime di abusi».
Il punto è chi sono questi procuratori.

Erika Rivera Ragland e Hope Fields sulla NDAA’s American Prosecutors Research Institute, autrici dell'articolo in questione, in realtà, non erano nemmeno avvocati, quando hanno scritto quel testo, ma solo studentesse appena laureate ed autorizzate a fare praticantato in qualche studio legale.

(vedi qui: http://www.alienazione.genitoriale.com/bufala-procuratori-americani-contro-pas/)

Resta il fatto che se una associazione di psichiatri si mettesse in testa di contestare le leggi, i procuratori direbbero che quella è una invasione di campo.

E allora, perché loro -i neolaureati- si occupano di psichiatria e vengono citati da avvocati?

Infine, l'assurdità: siccome la PAS non è citata come tale nel DSM IV (perché indicata con altri termini, come vedremo!), allora non esiste.

Affermazione appunto assurda.
In primis, chiariamo che il DSM non è affatto la Bibbia del settore, cioè il testo cui chiunque voglia fare una diagnosi debba uniformarsi.

Il DSM esprime solo il parere dell'associazione americana di psichiatria, e ne reca tutti i difetti e pregi.

Chi vuol seguirlo lo segue e chi non vuol seguirlo non lo segue. Amen: non ha però alcun potere di dire cosa è diagnosticabile e cosa no.

D'altra parte, non è nemmeno vero che nel DSM IV non si accettino situazioni e comportamenti identificabili con il concetto di PAS: che l' “Alienazione Parentale”, o la PAS, siano percepiti come un problema è confermato anche da alcune assicurazioni americane, che riconoscono il trattamento in caso di disturbi quali quelli indicati dal DSM al punto Z63.8 Problema Relazionale Genitore-Bambino [V61.20], laddove così si esprime il DSM IV:

“Z63.8 Problema Relazionale Genitore-Bambino [V61.20]

Questa categoria dovrebbe essere usata quando l’oggetto dell’attenzione clinica è una modalità di interazione tra genitore e bambino (per es., comunicazione compromessa, iperprotezione, disciplina inadeguata) che è associata con una compromissione clinicamente significativa del funzionamento dei singoli o della famiglia, o con lo sviluppo di sintomi clinicamente significativi nel genitore o nel bambino.

Nota per la codificazione Specificare Z63.1 se l’oggetto dell’attenzione clinica è il bambino.”

I disturbi relazionali che rientrano in questa condizione sono assicurati dalla ValueOptions, una società di assicurazione sanitaria statunitense utilizzata prevalentemente da grandi funzionari USA.

Vale a dire: le assicurazioni americane di ottimo livello risarciscono le psicoterapie volte a sanare i contesti di PAS.

ERGO: I CONTESTI CHE NOI DEFINIAMO COME "PAS" RIENTRANO NELLE PREVISIONI DELLE ASSICURAZIONI USA CHE COPRONO I COSTI DELLE RELATIVE TERAPIE. 

Ecco cosa dice il manuale di gestione dei rapporti con i clienti (VEDI A: 

http://www.valueoptions.com/providers/Handbook/PDFs/Treatment_Guidelines/V_CODES_RELATIONAL_PROBLEMS.pdf )

Come ovvio, riporta alcune spiegazioni che servono a determinare in concreto le patologie coperte dalla ValueOptions ai suoi clienti.

Per quanto riguarda il codice V 61.20 del DSM IV, cioè per quanto riguarda gli interventi in casi che abbiano una diagnosi connessa a questo codice, ecco cosa riporta il manuale della ValueOptions:

“I codici di cui sopra dovrebbero essere usati come la diagnosi primaria e i partecipanti possono essere effettivamente trattati usando una breve terapia risolutiva.

Le seguenti linee guida devono essere considerate all’interno del contesto culturale, etnico e spiritual del partecipante, al fine di massimizzare l’accuratezza della diagnosi, l’effettivita’ del trattamento\intervento ed il miglior risultato possibile per il partecipante, la famiglia e la famiglia allargata dove culturalmente appropriato.

La caratteristica distintiva di questi codici V è che il problema è il focus dell’attenzione clinica ed è un insieme di interazioni tra i membri dell’unità relazionale associato con un indebolimento clinicamente significante di uno o entrambi i membri dell’unità relazionale. È imperativo che una prima diagnosi di salute mentale venga esclusa. Questo può valere per due o più membri dell’unità relazionale che vengono trattati per il problema. Quando questi problemi sono il focus principale dell’attenzione clinica, dovrebbero essere elencati su Axis I. Altrimenti se sono presenti ma non costituiscono il focus principale dell’attenzione clinica possono essere elencati su Axis IV.

1. La valutazione dovrebbe includere un elemento probatorio per sintomi associati con problemi relazionali. Una storia completa dovrebbe essere completata come parte della valutazione per poter escludere una diagnosi di salute mentale più complicata e dovrebbe includere la storia di relazioni passate, interventi passati riguardanti le relazioni, difficoltà nel lavoro passate e presenti e problemi medici presenti.
2. Considerate i seguenti comportamenti e/o sintomi:

1. discussioni ricorrenti e conflitto tra due individui che causa preoccupazione e/o distrae dalle attività quotidiane
2. mancanza di comunicazione e/o chiusura nei rapporti [withdrawal, in originale nel testo] tra individui che risulta in frustrazione e/o rabbia;
3. modi di comunicazione inappropriati tra individui che possono includere aspettative irrealizzabili, chiusura nei rapporti [withdrawal, in originale nel testo] o critiche; evitare l’individuo che è percepito come la causa dello stress. Gli individui possono trascorrere troppo tempo a scuola, lavoro, o a casa di amici per evitare il contatto con l’altra persona;

4. stress relativo alla minaccia della separazione sia da fuga (per un bambino), o dalla separazione coniugale (per adulti);
5. aumento di irritabilità, assenza di sonno, depressione, e/o interruzione [withdrawal, in originale nel testo] della vita sociale;
6. un insieme di reazioni rabbiose nei confronti di una terza parte, che appare essere il trasferimento del primo conflitto relazionale;
7. facilità al pianto, scarsa energia, ritiro[withdrawal, in originale nel testo] collegato a preoccupazioni sulla relazione;

4. discussioni che non si risolvono per insufficienza di strategie di risoluzione dei conflitti;

4. iperprotettività o eccessivo coinvolgimento nelle attività quotidiane di un altro individuo derivati [secondary, in originale nel testo] da una patologia medica o mentale che coinvolge l’individuo;
5. discussioni con il coniuge che causano preoccupazione e influiscono negativamente su performance lavorative.

Problemi relazionali tra genitore e figlio:

• difficoltà relative alla corretta disciplina a casa;

• preoccupazione relativa alle assenze ingiustificate o al rendimento accademico. Iperprotettività del bambino, limitandone la capacità di crescere;
• sospetto o conoscenza dell’utilizzo di droga di alcol da parte del bambino;
• conflitti genitoriali irrisolti (ad esempio la costante svalutazione di un genitore da parte dell’altro) in famiglie divorziate o separate che risultano in sindrome di alienazione parentale.”

(trad. it. di Alessandro Giordano -

http://www.valueoptions.com/providers/Handbook/PDFs/Treatment_Guidelines/V_CODES_RELATIONAL_PROBLEMS.pdf ).

Si fa notare l'ultimo punto, cioè l'utilizzo in caso di:

"conflitti genitoriali irrisolti (ad esempio la costante svalutazione di un genitore da parte dell’altro) in famiglie divorziate o separate che risultano in sindrome di alienazione parentale."

Per quanto riguarda poi il DSM V, non siamo affatto distanti da una simile trattazione (vedasi, per tutti, a questo indirizzo: http://www.alienazione.genitoriale.com/i-sentimenti-non-giustificati-di-alienazione-nel-dsm5/

MORALE (UNA VOLTA PER TUTTE!): 

Gli psichiatri americani fanno diagnosi di PAS, la curano come tale, e le assicurazione ne pagano gli interventi in tal senso!

In Italia -lo sanno ormai tutti- la SINPIA (Società Italiana di Neuropsichiatria dell'Infanzia e dell'Adolescenza), e un bel mucchio di studiosi, ritiene il concetto di ALIENAZIONE PARENTALE, ben valido.

Ci dispiace: l'assunto secondo cui la PAS non è riconosciuta dalla scienza è falso.

La scienza discute e dibatte. Ma, al momento, utilizza comunque il concetto di PAS.

Ecco oltre cinquecento prestigiosi studi che lo dimostrano (e andate a leggervi le sentenze di Cassazione sopra citate).

A negare la PAS, se proprio si vuol seguire l'idea che si debba "affermarla" o "negarla", sono dunque rimasti in pochi. Mi dispiace:

- La Cassazione ha utilizzato il concetto di PAS in almeno due sentenze, revocando in nome della sua diagnosi, l'affido ad un padre e dichiarando la risarcibilità della lesione così provocata;
- Oltre cinquecento scritti di alto livello scientifico riportano ricerche sulla PAS
- Negli USA il trattamento di contesti la cui descrizione è sovrapponibile ai contesti di PAS, è rimborsata dalle assicurazioni americane;
-Associazioni scientifiche e Tribunali italiani ne convalidano correntemente l'uso.

MORALE:

"NEGARE" LA COSIDDETTA PAS PER POTER RENDERE NON PUNIBILE CHI ISTIGA ALL'ODIO E AL DISPREZZO CONTRO L'ALTRO GENITORE, E' UN'OPERAZIONE CULTURALE DI GRANDE SCORRETTEZZA ETICA.

Anche perché il problema non è dichiarare che la PAS esiste o non esiste (personalmente, non ho una posizione precisa ma tendo a riconoscermi nel pronunciamento della SINPIA e in quello dei firmatari del c.d. "documento Psicoforense", come più volte ho affermato -VEDI ARTICOLO SU PSYCHOMEDIA).
Il problema è la nocività per il minore di contesti conflittivi nei quali si sviluppano comportamenti tesi a manipolarne il legame con i genitori. 

Per questo mi fa molto, ma molto piacere, che l'avvocato Bongiorno e la signora Hunziker vogliano presentare questa proposta di legge. Anche se fa arrabbiare tanto le signore schiattose.

Soprattutto, perché la proposta di legge non vuole affatto normativizzare la PAS. E non nomina affatto la PAS.

COLPO DI SCENA...

La proposta in questione vuole punire “con la reclusione da sei mesi a tre anni chiunque, nell’ambito delle relazioni familiari o di affido, compiendo sul minore infraquattordicenne ripetute attività denigratorie ai danni del genitore ovvero limitandone con altri artifizi i regolari contatti con il medesimo minore, intenzionalmente impedisce l’esercizio della potestà genitoriale.”

Il che è tutt'altra cosa che affermare o negare l'esistenza della PAS.

In sostanza, la proposta di legge, così come è descritta negli articoli schiattosi, non esiste.

Esiste invece un'ottima proposta di legge che non vuole normativizzare la PAS, ma punire una forma di abuso sui minori, che è quello di indurre disprezzo e rabbia contro uno dei genitori.

Conseguentemente, la canizza delle signore assume tutt'altro rilievo: a pensar male, si potrebbe ipotizzare che questo voluto (doloso o colposo?) fraintendimento, sia teso ad impedire che le madri separate possano essere perseguite, qualora appunto mettano in atto comportamenti tesi a impedire i rapporti del proprio figlio con l'ex partner.

Detto in altri termini: essendo impossibile portare avanti esplicitamente una prospettiva così allucinante (= la legge non bisogna farla perché altrimenti verrebbero punite mamme colpevoli), le signore schiattose hanno accusato la Bongiorno e la Hunziker di volere qualcosa -la normativizzazione della PAS- che in realtà la Bongiorno e la Hunziker non volevano affatto.

Con la scusa di combattere la PAS (che però non è mai citata nella legge!), le signore puntano a rendere non punibile proprio l'abuso psicologico sul minore, quello fondato non sulla violenza fisica, ma sulla coercizione psicologica.

Il perché è ovvio: mentre la violenza maschile è facilmente individuabile e parametrabile, perché il più delle volte si nutre -nei contesti domestici e in specie nelle separazioni- di atti violenti, la violenza femminile è "agita" attraverso comportamenti di violenza psichica.

Tutta la battaglia delle signore schiattose non è allora contro la PAS -che, lo ripetiamo all'infinito, nel testo della Bongiorno e Hunziker non viene mai nominata - ma contro l'ipotesi che si possa punire: 

con la reclusione da sei mesi a tre anni chiunque, nell’ambito delle relazioni familiari o di affido, compiendo sul minore infraquattordicenne ripetute attività denigratorie ai danni del genitore ovvero limitandone con altri artifizi i regolari contatti con il medesimo minore, intenzionalmente impedisce l’esercizio della potestà genitoriale.

Bella mistificazione, insomma…

Roba da Medioevo...

BIBLIOGRAFIA INTERNAZIONALE CHE ACCREDITA IL COSTRUTTO DI “PAS” O DI “ALIENAZIONE PARENTALE”:

1. Adams, K. (2009). The parentectomy: An individual perspective on rising above parental alienation. Bloomington, IN: Xlibris Publishing.

2. Aguilar, J. M. (2004). S.A.P., Sındrome de alienacion parental [PAS, Parental alienation syndrome] [Spanish]. Cordoba, Spain: Almuzara.

3. Aguilar, J. M. (2005). El uso de los hijos en los procesos de separacion, El sındrome de alienacion parental [The use of children in separation processes: The parental alienation syndrome] [Spanish]. Revista de Derecho de Familia, 29, 71– 82.

4. Aguilar, J. M. (2007). Interferencias de las relaciones paterno filiales: El sındrome de alienacion parental y las nuevas formas de violencia contra la infancia [Interference of the parent-child relationships: Parental alienaton syndrome and new forms of violence against children] [Spanish]. Revista Psicologıa Educativa, 13(2), 101–116.

5. Aguilar, J. M. (2008a). Tenemos que hablar [We need to talk]. [Spanish]. Madrid, Spain: Santillana Ediciones Generales.

6. Aguilar, J. M. (2008b). sındrome de alienac¸ ao parental [Parental alienation syndrome]. [Portuguese]. Lisbon, Portugal: Caleidoscopio. P. R. (1994).

7. Life-span adjustment of children to their parents’ divorce. Future of Children, 4(1), 143–164.

8. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (1997a). Practice parameters for the forensic evaluation of children and adolescents who may have been physically or sexually abused. Journal of the American Academy of Child &Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(3), 423–442.

9. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (1997b). Practice parameters for child custody evaluation. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(10 Suppl), 57S–68S.

10. American Bar Association. (2008). A judge’s guide: Making child-centered decisions in custody cases, 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: American Bar Association.

11. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed., Text Revision. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.

12. American Psychological Association. (1994). Guidelines for child custody evaluations in divorce proceedings. American Psychologist, 49(4), 677–680.

13. American Psychological Association. (1996). Report of the American psychological presidential task force on violence and the family. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

14. American Psychological Association. (2005). Women’s psych-e. Retrieved September 26, 2009, from American Psychological Association Web site: www.apa.org

15. American Psychological Association. (2008). Statement on parental alienation syndrome. Retrieved September 26, 2009, from American Psychological Association Web site: www.apa.org

16. American Psychological Association. (2009). Guidelines for child custody evaluations in family law proceedings. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

17. Andre, K. C. (2004). Parent alienation syndrome. Annuals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 7(4), 7–11.

18. Andre, K. C., & Baker, A. J. C. (2009). I don’t want to choose: How middle school kids can avoid choosing one parent over the other. New York: The Vincent J.

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